Lung Cancer

Overview

Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly types of cancer worldwide. It begins when normal cells in the lungs mutate and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. While smoking remains the leading cause, lung cancer can also affect non-smokers due to prolonged exposure to environmental toxins, air pollution, or genetic predisposition.

Main Types of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is generally divided into two main types, each requiring a different treatment approach:

The most common type is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for the majority of cases. It tends to grow more slowly and is often detected in earlier stages, increasing the chances of successful treatment.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is less common but more aggressive. It grows and spreads rapidly and is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Common Symptoms

In its early stages, lung cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms, which often delays diagnosis. As the disease progresses, symptoms such as persistent or worsening cough, chest pain (especially when breathing or coughing), hoarseness, and coughing up blood may appear. Patients may also experience shortness of breath, frequent chest infections, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss.

Risk Factors

While smoking is the primary risk factor, it’s not the only one. Long-term exposure to harmful substances such as asbestos, radon gas, and industrial chemicals increases the risk, as does chronic air pollution. A family history of lung cancer or pre-existing lung diseases like COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) can also contribute to developing the disease.

Diagnosis

When lung cancer is suspected, initial assessment typically includes a chest X-ray, followed by a more detailed CT scan if needed. In certain cases, bronchoscopy or a biopsy is performed to obtain tissue samples for laboratory analysis. Additional tests help determine the cancer stage and cell type, which are crucial in tailoring the treatment plan.

Treatment Options

The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Surgery is considered the best option for early-stage cancers and involves removing the tumor, either by removing a lobe of the lung (lobectomy) or, in some cases, the entire lung (pneumonectomy).

For advanced stages, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used to control tumor growth and relieve symptoms. In recent years, targeted therapies and immunotherapy have emerged as highly effective treatments for certain patients based on genetic mutations found in the cancer cells.

The Role of Surgery

Surgical intervention plays a vital role in managing early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Depending on the tumor’s size and location, the surgeon may perform a lobectomy, pneumonectomy, or a limited resection (wedge resection) if the patient’s general condition doesn’t allow for major surgery. The surgical plan is carefully chosen based on a thorough evaluation of the case.

Recovery and Postoperative Care

After surgery, patients require a recovery period under medical supervision, which includes regular follow-up appointments and imaging tests to monitor for recurrence. It’s crucial to follow the postoperative instructions closely—especially quitting smoking permanently, practicing breathing exercises, and attending pulmonary rehabilitation sessions. Maintaining a healthy diet and engaging in light physical activity can significantly aid the healing process and boost immunity.