Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Its Subtypes: A Comprehensive Overview of Airway Narrowing, Emphysema, and Modern Treatment Options Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic pulmonary disorders, affecting millions of patients worldwide. This condition is characterized by a persistent and irreversible reduction in airflow [...]

Pleural Effusion Overview Pleural effusion is a condition in which an abnormal amount of fluid accumulates in the pleural space—the thin cavity between the layers of the pleura that line the lungs and the inner chest wall. Normally, this space contains a small amount of fluid to facilitate smooth lung movement during breathing. When excess [...]

Pneumothorax Overview Pneumothorax is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural space—the area between the lung and the chest wall. This air accumulation can cause partial or complete collapse of the affected lung, limiting its ability to expand during breathing. The severity of pneumothorax can range from mild cases that [...]

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) Overview Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) is a distinct and potentially curable form of pulmonary hypertension that results from unresolved blood clots in the pulmonary arteries. Following an acute pulmonary embolism, most blood clots typically dissolve with time or anticoagulant therapy. However, in some individuals, portions of the clot remain [...]

Bronchiectasis Overview Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by the permanent and abnormal widening of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air in and out of the lungs. This widening damages the normal structure and function of the airway walls, particularly the tiny hair-like structures called cilia that help clear mucus. [...]

Pulmonary Fibrosis Overview Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive lung disease in which the lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff over time. This scarring prevents the lungs from expanding and contracting normally, severely affecting their ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream. As the disease advances, patients experience increasing breathing difficulty, which can ultimately [...]

Mediastinal Tumors Overview The mediastinum is the central compartment of the chest located between the lungs. It contains vital structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes. Mediastinal tumors are abnormal growths that develop in this area and can be either benign or malignant. Their characteristics vary depending on whether [...]

Lung Cancer Overview Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly types of cancer worldwide. It begins when normal cells in the lungs mutate and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. While smoking remains the leading cause, lung cancer can also affect non-smokers due [...]